# PI.II.D — Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment — Flight Instructor – Instrument Powered Lift ACS

> PI.II.D from FAA-S-ACS-28, including the official objective, references, notes, and 16 exact knowledge, risk-management, and skill descriptions.

Canonical HTML: [https://www.check-ride.ai/acs/powered-lift/flight-instructor-instrument/pi-ii-d](https://www.check-ride.ai/acs/powered-lift/flight-instructor-instrument/pi-ii-d)

Site reference: [https://www.check-ride.ai/llms.txt](https://www.check-ride.ai/llms.txt)

## Official Task context

- FAA document: Flight Instructor – Instrument Rating Powered-Lift Airman Certification Standards
- Identifier: FAA-S-ACS-28
- Published source date: November 2023
- Aircraft category: Powered Lift
- Certificate or rating: Flight Instructor – Instrument
- Area of Operation: Area of Operation II. Technical Subject Areas
- Task: Task D. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment
- Task code prefix: PI.II.D
- Official references: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-100, AC 90-105, AC 90-107, AC 91-78, AC 91.21-1; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25
- FAA source library: https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs

## Official Task objective

To determine the applicant understands managing instruments for an IFR flight, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrates appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.

## Knowledge elements

- **PI.II.D.K1** — Operation of the aircraft’s applicable flight instrument system(s), including:
- **PI.II.D.K1a** — a. Pitot-static instrument system and associated instruments
- **PI.II.D.K1b** — b. Gyroscopic/electric/vacuum instrument system and associated instruments
- **PI.II.D.K1c** — c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (PFD), multifunction display (MFD)], transponder and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B)
- **PI.II.D.K1d** — d. Magnetic compass
- **PI.II.D.K2** — Operation of the aircraft’s applicable navigation system(s), including:
- **PI.II.D.K2a** — a. Very high frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR), distance measuring equipment (DME), instrument landing system (ILS), marker beacon receiver/indicators
- **PI.II.D.K2b** — b. Area navigation (RNAV), global positioning system (GPS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), flight management system (FMS), autopilot
- **PI.II.D.K3** — Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

## Risk management elements

- **PI.II.D.R1** — Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
- **PI.II.D.R2** — Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices.
- **PI.II.D.R3** — Common failure modes of flight and navigation instruments.
- **PI.II.D.R4** — Use of an electronic flight bag.
- **PI.II.D.R5** — Use of navigation databases.

## Skills elements

- **PI.II.D.S1** — Teach at least one of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K3.
- **PI.II.D.S2** — Operate and manage an applicant supplied electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

## Difficulty methodology

Difficulty calibration is ongoing for this Task. Observed difficulty is a privacy-thresholded check-ride.ai mock-oral practice proxy, not an FAA practical-test pass or fail rate. Underlying sample sizes and the private reporting threshold are not published.

## Use in practice

A mock examiner can ask a pilot to explain the published elements, apply them to the configured aircraft and airport context, identify risks, and defend a decision. Practice prompts are not represented as actual FAA examiner scripts or predictions of the questions a candidate will receive.